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一仓如山：安乐山上唐代有座“比县城还大”的粮仓_我的网站

一 |     KYIV, Ukraine -- Russia appears to be suffering severe losses as it wages its new offensive in eastern Ukraine, amid some of the bloodiest fighting in months, according to Ukrainian officials and independent analysts.Russia has thrown thousands of troops and hundreds of tanks and armored vehicles into the offensive, which is focused mainly on the strategic city of Avdiivka and further north near the city of Kupiansk. Russian forces for roughly two weeks have been trying to encircle Avdiivka, which is one of the most heavily fortified areas of Ukraine's frontline.Ukrainian officials on Sunday claimed Russia had lost over 6,000 soldiers in a week, as well as over 400 armored vehicles and tanks. Britain's defense intelligence claimed Russian casualties have spiked by 90% since it began the offensive.ABC cannot independently verify those numbers, but numerous videos of the Russian attacks around Avdiivka released by Ukrainian units suggest Russia is taking losses on a scale not since last winter.Some of the videos show columns of Russian armor coming under withering Ukrainian fire as they try to advance, pummelled by artillery and anti-tank missiles, and running into minefields. In other videos, Russian forces can be seen being barraged by U.S.-supplied cluster munitions. Large groups of Russian infantry can be seen being struck by artillery.Open source analysts watching the videos have counted dozens of Russian vehicles destroyed and damaged.Ukraine does not publish its own casualties, but Ukrainian officials have acknowledged they are also large.So far Russian forces have made little progress, only advancing a few hundred meters, near Avdiivka, according to both Ukrainian and Russian accounts.But despite the losses, Russia is continuing its efforts to encircle Avdiivka. The Washington, D.C.-based Institute for the Study of War on Sunday assessed Russia was moving more troops up to continue the attack."Russian forces are funneling additional forces to the Avdiivka front despite ongoing challenges with frontal mechanized assaults and the failure of a renewed push on October 19-20," the ISW wrote in its daily update on the war.Ukrainian officials have said they believe the determined Russian effort to seize Avdiivka is motivated by the Kremlin's desire to claim a significant victory ahead of Russia's presidential elections next year."It appears that Russian forces are continuing to use ineffective and costly tactics in offensive efforts near Avdiivka leading to high personnel and vehicle losses, and that they have continuously done so in several waves of attacks over the past week suggests that the Russian military command is prioritizing this axis, despite continued and growing losses," the ISW wrote in an earlier assessment on Saturday.Some Russian pro-war military bloggers have criticised how the operation has been handled and the decision to attack the most heavily fortified area of Ukraine's line, given the small progress so far.Analysts, however, have warned that despite the catastrophic losses, Russia may still be able to encircle Avdiivka and that it still has sizeable reserves in the area.Vitaliy Barabash, the head of Avdiivka's Ukrainian military administration, on Monday said Russian forces were attempting to cut the only road leading to the city, which would isolate the Ukrainian forces defending it."Logistics are very difficult. Twenty two kilometers to the city are constantly under fire, both during the day and at night. It greatly complicates both evacuation and bringing in humanitarian aid. Any logistics is all through one road. Of course, the enemy is trying to cut it," Barabash said in a live interview with RFE/RL.He also said that 1,601 civilians still in Avdiivka did not want to leave.Ukraine is also still on the offensive. In the past week, an unusually large force from two elite Ukrainian Marine brigades landed on the Russian-occupied eastern bank of the Dneipr river in the Kherson region. The Ukrainian units have advanced into at least two villages there and are digging in, according to Russian military bloggers.The scale of the operation is still very unclear, but it appears Ukraine may be attempting to establish a bridgehead there that if successful could create a possibility for it to move larger forces across for a bigger attack, potentially opening a new front in its counteroffensive. For now, most analysts assess the size of the Ukrainian force operating on the eastern bank is still small.Ukrainian forces are also continuing to attack on the main axis of the counteroffensive in the southern Zaporizhzhia region and around the city of Bakhmut, reportedly making small advances.。    制图 高薇老余杭人提起安乐山，第一时间想到的，大多是山顶那座安乐塔。

二 | 这也是余杭古城最醒目的地标之一。

三 | 大家来这里登高望远，看的是古城风景，很少有人知道，脚下这座山，曾藏着另一座更加震撼的建筑：它不是县城，却筑着比县城更高的城墙；它不是军事要塞，却围起了一座周长两公里多的“城池”。

四 | 这样的建筑，居然是一座粮仓。

五 | 准确地说，是唐代杭州规模最大的官仓之一——安乐仓城。一个比县城还大的粮仓南宋《咸淳临安志》卷一八《城郭·余杭县》中留下了一段关于安乐仓城的重要记载：“旧仓城，在县东南二里安乐山上。高二丈，上广八尺，下广二丈，周回四里一百五十步。唐永正五年，刺史张纲奏置仓宇四十二间。天宝八载，采访使奏置常平仓，同在城内。钱氏废仓建寺，今名善法院。仓址仍存。

六 | ”短短几十个字，却勾勒出一座规模惊人的仓城。

七 | 先看城墙。“高二丈”，折合今天约6.6米。这是什么概念？同一时期余杭县城的城墙，据北宋祥符《志》（《余杭图经》）记载是“高一丈三尺”，折合今天约4.3米。

八 | 也就是说，安乐仓城的城墙，比县城还高出将近一半。再看规模。“周回四里一百五十步”，按唐代度量，在2000米左右。而北宋时溪南旧县城“周回六里二百步”，溪北县城“周五百四十三丈”。也就是说，这座粮仓的周长，介于两者之间，它不像是一间仓库，更像是一座城池。“仓宇四十二间”，唐代的仓宇通常指地面建筑式粮仓，与地窖、地穴式的储粮方式不同。那唐代一间仓宇能存多少粮？史料中没有明确统一的数字，但参考唐代敦煌文书等出土文献的记载，大型官仓每间可储粮数百石，甚至数千石。

九 | 四十二间仓宇，意味着这里曾储存过数万石的粮食。“可见这个仓城规模巨大，而且是比很多县城还要大。此外，仓城的城墙高度、宽度、厚度，也都超过一般的县城规模。”浙江大学历史学院副教授陈志坚说，“如此巨大的仓城，肯定不只是余杭县仓级别，至少是杭州的州仓级别，这也从侧面反映了唐代时期，杭州在粮食生产上的兴盛发达。”为什么要建这座仓城那么，为什么要建这样一座规模巨大的仓城？这要从唐代的一次漕运改道说起。唐武后天授三年（692年），朝廷下了一道诏令：钱塘、於潜、临安、余杭四县租税纲运，迳取道于苕溪，公私便之。

十 | 纲运，是唐代官方成批编组运输货物的方法，即大量粮米分批起运，每批编立字号，分为若干组，一组称一纲。

十一 | 这道诏令的核心意思是：钱塘、余杭、於潜、临安四县的租税粮米，不再走大运河主干道上塘河，全部改走东苕溪北上。四县中，余杭、临安、於潜本来就是在东苕溪上，租税粮米本来就要走东苕溪北上。但是，这次诏令的独特之处在于，多了一个钱塘县。那为何改道？主要是因为上塘河淤塞严重。隋唐大运河贯通后，上塘河是杭州通往北方的主航道，但这条河水量不稳，时常淤积，漕运时断时续，朝廷不得不开辟新的漕运通道。四县的租税粮米数量庞大，集中转运需要一个巨大的中转仓储设施。而余杭恰好具备得天独厚的条件：苕溪与余杭塘河在此交汇。余杭塘河是唐代开凿的古运河，沟通苕溪和京杭大运河，自古是水陆交会之要冲。从苕溪过来的粮船，经余杭塘河可汇入大运河；从运河来的漕船，也能在此停靠转运。安乐山的位置则更为理想。

十二 | 它北临南渠河与余杭塘河交汇处，紧靠苕溪南岸，无论是经由余杭塘河还是苕溪运输，都极为便利。更重要的是，安乐山地势较高却不险峻。贮藏粮食最怕潮湿，地势太低容易霉烂，太高则搬运不便。

十三 | 安乐山恰恰位于一个不高不低的位置，既能防潮，又方便进出。

十四 | 这就成了余杭县城周边最适合建粮仓的地方。遗址还在，故事未完这座仓城，大约运行了140年。后晋天福三年（938年），吴越钱氏废仓建寺，在仓城旧址上改建庆善院；北宋治平二年（1065年），改名善法禅寺；元末寺庙毁于战火，明洪武初年重建，俗称安乐寺。后来，人们又在山顶建起安乐塔，安乐山渐渐成为余杭人熟悉的登高胜地。为什么废仓？学界普遍认为，五代时期杭州成为吴越国都后，区域粮食运输体系发生调整，漕运线路重新布局，安乐仓城逐渐失去了作为大型中转粮仓的功能。今天，人们登上安乐山，看到的是安乐塔、古树和满城风景，很少会注意脚下那些若隐若现的、残存的墙基。可就在这一方山岗上，曾经矗立着一座比县城还大的仓城，无数粮船沿着苕溪而来，又从这里驶向更远的地方。它，见证过唐代漕运的繁忙，也见证过余杭作为江南重要粮食集散地的兴盛。山上的建筑一次次更迭，粮仓变成寺院，寺院又成为古迹，而留下来的，始终是这片土地的历史记忆。

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Published on:14:32:05